Physics students learn the speed of light, c, is the same for all inertial observers but no one has ever actually measured it in one direction. Thanks to Kiwico for sponsoring this video. For 50% off your first month of any crate, go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium50

Huge thanks to Destin from Smarter Every Day for always being open and willing to engage in new ideas. If you haven't subscribed already, what are you waiting for: https://ve42.co/SED

For an overview of the one-way speed of light check out the wiki page: https://ve42.co/wiki1way

The script was written in consultation with subject matter experts:

Prof. Geraint Lewis, University of Sydney https://ve42.co/gfl

Prof. Emeritus Allen Janis, University of Pittsburgh

Prof. Clifford M. Will, University of Florida https://ve42.co/cmw

The stuff that's correct is theirs. Any errors are mine.

References:

Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. (English) https://ve42.co/E1905 (German) https://ve42.co/G1905

Greaves, E. D., Rodríguez, A. M., & Ruiz-Camacho, J. (2009). A one-way speed of light experiment. American Journal of Physics, 77(10), 894-896. https://ve42.co/Greaves09

Response to Greaves et al. paper — https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.3616 Finkelstein, J. (2009). One-way speed of light?. arXiv, arXiv-0911.

The Philosophy of Space and Time - Reichenbach, H. (2012). Courier Corporation.

Anderson, R., Vetharaniam, I., & Stedman, G. E. (1998). Conventionality of synchronisation, gauge dependence and test theories of relativity. Physics reports, 295(3-4), 93-180. https://ve42.co/Anderson98

A review article about simultaneity — Janis, Allen, "Conventionality of Simultaneity", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) https://ve42.co/janis

Will, C. M. (1992). Clock synchronization and isotropy of the one-way speed of light. Physical Review D, 45(2), 403. https://ve42.co/Will92

Zhang, Y. Z. (1995). Test theories of special relativity. General Relativity and Gravitation, 27(5), 475-493. https://ve42.co/Zhang95

Mansouri, R., & Sexl, R. U. (1977). A test theory of special relativity: I. Simultaneity and clock synchronization. General relativity and Gravitation, 8(7), 497-513. https://ve42.co/Sexl

Research and writing by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev

Animations by Ivàn Tello

VFX, music, and space animations by Jonny Hyman

Filmed by Raquel Nuno

Special thanks for reviewing earlier drafts of this video to:

Dominic Walliman, Domain of Science: https://ve42.co/DoS

Henry Reich, Minutephysics: https://ve42.co/MP

Additional music from https://epidemicsound.com "Observations 2"