Astronomers have long believed that Saturn's rings and moons were perhaps formed by some sort of collision

Nestled between Saturn's rings are a collection of mini-moons that NASA's Cassini spacecraft skimmed past in 2017.

On Thursday, for the first time, astronomers and scientists are detailing their findings about the moons in the US journal Science.

Pan, Daphnis, Atlas, Pandora and Epimetheus each measure between eight and 116 kilometers (five to 72 miles) in diameter. They are either round, shaped like flying saucers or resemble potatoes.

They are wedged in the gaps separating the planet's rings.

Cassini spent 13 years near Saturn.

In its final year of operation, it inserted itself between the rings, sending data back to Earth until it went dark on September 13, 2017, 20 years after its launch.

Some 4,000 scientific articles have been published about Cassini's findings, and the well of knowledge is nowhere near dry.

"I want to work for at least another decade on this stuff," Bonnie Buratti, a planetary astronomer at the US space agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, told AFP.

The data captured by Cassini's instruments are still being assessed. The study published on Thursday is only one preview of the discoveries yet to come.

But the study reinforces the dominant theory that Saturn's rings and moons stem from the same celestial body, which shattered as a result of some kind of collision.

"The largest fragments became the core of these ring moons," explained Buratti, a 33-year veteran of NASA.

"And what happened was the moons continued to accumulate particles from the rings—this is what we saw close up, the accumulation of the ring material onto the moon."

This would explain the gaps left behind the moons.

More than three dozen co-authors from the US, Britain Germany and Italy worked on the study published Thursday—a rather remarkable collaboration, according to Buratti.

This graphic shows the ring moons inspected by NASA's Cassini spacecraft in super-close flybys. The rings and moons depicted are not to scale.

"It's all in flux, science driven by disagreements," she said.

The question gnawing at astronomers is to figure out how old the rings are.

A study published in January, based on Cassini data, concluded that they were relatively young—somewhere between 100 million and one billion years old.

Figure 1. This montage of views from NASA's Cassini spacecraft shows three of Saturn's small ring moons: Atlas, Daphnis and Pan at the same scale for ease of comparison. Two differences between Atlas and Pan are obvious in this montage. Pan's equatorial band is much thinner and more sharply defined, and the central mass of Atlas (the part underneath the smooth equatorial band) appears to be smaller than that of Pan. Images of Atlas and Pan taken using infrared, green and ultraviolet spectral filters were combined to create enhanced-color views (Figure 1), which highlight subtle color differences across the moons' surfaces at wavelengths not visible to human eyes. (The Daphnis image in Figure 1 was colored using the same green filter image for all three color channels, adjusted to have a realistic appearance next to the other two moons.) A version of the montage using only monochrome images is also provided (Figure 2).

Figure 2. This montage of views from NASA's Cassini spacecraft shows three of Saturn's small ring moons: Atlas, Daphnis and Pan at the same scale for ease of comparison. Two differences between Atlas and Pan are obvious in this montage. Pan's equatorial band is much thinner and more sharply defined, and the central mass of Atlas (the part underneath the smooth equatorial band) appears to be smaller than that of Pan. Images of Atlas and Pan taken using infrared, green and ultraviolet spectral filters were combined to create enhanced-color views (Figure 1), which highlight subtle color differences across the moons' surfaces at wavelengths not visible to human eyes. (The Daphnis image in Figure 1 was colored using the same green filter image for all three color channels, adjusted to have a realistic appearance next to the other two moons.) A version of the montage using only monochrome images is also provided (Figure 2).

But other models and methods suggest a different answer.

"Science is never cut and dried—you never have your final answer," Buratti said.

More information: B.J. Buratti el al., "Close Cassini flybys of Saturn's ring moons Pan, Daphnis, Atlas, Pandora, and Epimetheus," Science (2019). science.sciencemag.org/lookup/ … 1126/science.aat2349

Journal information: Science