This illustration shows how some of the light coming from a disk around a black hole is bent back onto the disk itself due to the gravity of the monstrous black hole. The light is then reflected back off the disk. Astronomers using data from NASA's now-defunct Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) mission were able to distinguish between light that came straight from the disk and light that was reflected. The bluish material coming off the black hole is an outflowing jet of energetic particles.

You may have heard that nothing escapes the gravitational grasp of a black hole, not even light. This is true in the immediate vicinity of a black hole, but a bit farther out—in disks of material that swirl around some black holes—light can escape. In fact, this is the reason actively growing black holes shine with brilliant X-rays.

Now, a new study accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal offers evidence that, in fact, not all of the light streaming from a black hole's surrounding disk easily escapes. Some of it gives in to the monstrous pull of the black hole, turns back, and then ultimately bounces off the disk and escapes.

"We observed light coming from very close to the black hole that is trying to escape, but instead is pulled right back by the black hole like a boomerang," says Riley Connors, lead author of the new study and a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech. "This is something that was predicted in the 1970s, but hadn't been shown until now."

The new findings were made possible by combing through archival observations from NASA's now-defunct Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) mission, which came to an end in 2012. The researchers specifically looked at a black hole that is orbited by a sun-like star; together, the pair is called XTE J1550-564. The black hole "feeds" off this star, pulling material onto a flat structure around it called an accretion disk. By looking closely at the X-ray light coming from the disk as the light spirals toward the black hole, the team found imprints indicating that the light had been bent back toward the disk and reflected off.

"The disk is essentially illuminating itself," says co-author Javier Garcia, a research assistant professor of physics at Caltech. "Theorists had predicted what fraction of the light would bend back on the disk, and now, for the first time, we have confirmed those predictions."

The scientists say that the new results offer another indirect confirmation of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, and also will help in future measurements of the spin rates of black holes, something that is still poorly understood.

"Since black holes can potentially spin very fast, they not only bend the light but twist it," says Connors. "These recent observations are another piece in the puzzle of trying to figure out how fast black holes spin."

The new study is titled "Evidence for Returning Disk Radiation in the Black Hole X-ray Binary XTEJ1550-564."

More information: Riley M. T. Connors et al. Evidence for Returning Disk Radiation in the Black Hole X-Ray Binary XTE J1550–564, The Astrophysical Journal (2020). DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab7afc

Journal information: Astrophysical Journal