Future “you” could be quietly shaping your reality.

In grammar, we learn about the past, present, and future tenses from an early age. This shapes our understanding of time as a one-way arrow. Eggs break, but don’t un-break; we grow older, but never grow younger; you can form a snowman, but it will inevitably melt back into a pool of slush again. In physics, this concept is called the “arrow of time.”

However, there are moments in life that seem to defy this arrow, perhaps skipping ahead of it entirely. For instance, have you ever had a dream that ends up becoming reality? Some people might write the phenomenon off as just a coincidence. But a handful of fascinating theories suggest that your consciousness might actually be traveling forward—and backward—in time.

Jumping to the Future

Precognition suggests that our consciousness might actually reach beyond the linear perception of time, according to parapsychologist Dean Radin, PhD, chief scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), a nonprofit based in Novato, California, dedicated to the study of unexplained phenomena. Radin has been probing consciousness for decades and is the author of several books on the topic, including Entangled Minds, the award-winning Supernormal, and Real Magic.

Far from the carnival-style fortune tellers whose clairvoyance comes from glancing at their customers’ social media accounts in a haze of incense, psychologists and neuroscientists have been trying to figure out what exactly is behind precognition, which is considered a type of extrasensory perception, commonly called ESP. This unshakable feeling that something will transpire in the future is long held among shamans and mystics, yet it remains unexplained by science.

While he was at the University of Nevada in the mid-1990s, Radin created an experiment to prove it. His hypothesis was that if awareness transcended time, responses to an upcoming stimulus would appear before the stimulus itself appeared. Each participant was wired to an EEG machine and then told to press a button to display a random image on a computer screen. The image would either be positive, such as a sunrise, or negative, like a car crash.

The EEG would gauge brain activity within the five seconds between the prompt and the image. Predictions of seeing a positive image elicited little to no emotion or change in brain activity; however, negative images caused increases in brain activity—spikes that would occur before the negative images were even shown.

Since then, this type of presentiment study has been successfully replicated about four dozen times. And in 1995, the CIA even declassified its own precognition research after statisticians were hired to review its work and declared it statistically reliable.

Skeptics point to phenomena such as the self fulfilling prophecy as explanations for precognition and parapsychology. However, precognition could be explained as a form of quantum entanglement, Radin says. Particles that are entangled share the same information and behave the same way, even from far away, which is what Einstein called “spooky action at a distance.”

Radin says this may explain why we can recall things that have not happened yet. “Some people hypothesize that precognition is your brain entangled with itself in the future, because entanglement is not only things separated in space, but also separated in time,” he explains. “If it can be entangled with itself in the future, in the present you’d be feeling something like a memory that is going to happen in the future.”

Reaching Back in Time

Likewise, retrocausality is another theory that complicates our conception of time and suggests that different versions of ourselves affect reality. Instead of time functioning like a one-way train track (past → present → future), time could work more like a single timeline or block. In this backward-in-time effect, tenses don’t follow one another; they exist as different slices of the block, all at once. From this perspective, the present—and perhaps even the future—could influence the past in subtle ways.

Some scientists even believe that your own consciousness may follow the rules of retrocausality, meaning thoughts, feelings, or decisions you have or make today might influence events in your past. Proponents of the retrocausality theory even suggest the future is not something that “unfolds,” but is rather already present in the structure of the universe; in a sense, it has already happened—or is happening.

But how does this idea relate to consciousness? A speculative hypothesis called retrocausal consciousness says that your thoughts, feelings, or decisions today might influence events in the past—not by physically changing them, but by subtly shaping how they unfolded, like ripples flowing backward in time. Say you regret skipping a major opportunity years ago: your emotions today could subtly nudge “past you” to feel braver or hesitate less.

Though fanciful—or even heartwarming—this idea provokes profound questions about the mysterious interplay of time and consciousness. And at the moment, retrocausal consciousness remains a purely theoretical idea without empirical support. Simply put, it lacks scientific legs. Mainstream science says that in the brain neural activity happens first, then conscious awareness follows. This aligns with the traditional cause-and-effect flow—future decisions or thoughts can’t jump backward to change what’s already happened

Still, some studies in consciousness come up with intriguing possibilities. For instance, certain theories compare the brain to a quantum computer that uses both past and future information to make decisions in the now. Others say the universe is not made of “things” but shaped by connections between events across time, your thoughts or feelings today possibly tugging on threads intertwined with the past and the future. Alternative views even discuss the idea of the brain having some sort of “time loop” mechanism that lets it connect to the future and past on the tiny, subatomic level.

Editor’s note: Elizabeth Rayne and Stav Dimitropoulos contributed reporting to this story.