Wildlife traffickers in South America seek body parts from protected species to satisfy demand in Asia.

The jaguar was found floating in a drainage canal in Belize City, Belize, on the day after Christmas last year. Its body was mostly intact, but the head was missing its fangs. On 10 January, a second cat — this time, an ocelot that may have been mistaken for a young jaguar — turned up headless in the same channel.

The killings point to a growing illicit trade in jaguars (Panthera onca) that disturbs wildlife experts. The cats’ fangs, skulls and hides have long been trophies for Latin American collectors who flout international prohibitions against trading in jaguar parts. But in recent years, a trafficking route has emerged to China, where the market for jaguars could be increasing because of crackdowns on the smuggling of tiger parts used in Chinese traditional medicine.

Wildlife trafficking often follows Chinese construction projects in other countries, because Chinese workers can send or take objects home, says ecologist Vincent Nijman of Oxford Brookes University in Oxford, UK. “If there’s a demand [in China] for large-cat parts, and that demand can be fulfilled by people living in parts of Africa, other parts of Asia or South America, then someone will step in to fill that demand,” he says. “It’s often Chinese-to-Chinese trade, but it’s turning global.”

Fang mail

That seems to be the case in Bolivia, where eight packages containing a total of 186 jaguar fangs were confiscated between August 2014 and February 2015 before they could reach China. Seven had been sent by Chinese citizens living in Bolivia. Eight more were reportedly intercepted in 2016, and a package of 120 fangs was seized in China, says Angela Núñez, a Bolivian biologist who is researching the trade.

Those packages could represent the deaths of more than 100 jaguars, although it’s impossible to be sure, Núñez says. In northern Bolivia, where several Chinese companies are working, radio advertisements and flyers have offered US$120 to $150 per fang — more than a month’s income for many local people. Two Chinese men have been arrested for trading in jaguar parts. One, detained in 2014, received a three-year suspended sentence. The other, arrested in 2016, is awaiting sentencing but failed to appear for two recent court hearings; Bolivian officials fear that he may have left the country.

That’s a problem with wildlife trafficking worldwide, says Nijman, who adds that very few wildlife trafficking cases lead to criminal sentences. “The deterrent is when somebody ends up in jail,” he says — but that rarely happens “because society as a whole in most countries is not interested”.

Fangs and skulls seized in Bolivia, as well as 38 fangs confiscated in Lima, Peru, in 2015, could have come from jaguars that were killed recently, or years ago. Because the cats have large territories, Núñez says that genetic studies could determine whether poached animals came from populations in Bolivia or a neighbouring country.

That also interests Brazilian biologist Thais Morcatty, who is doing her PhD research with Nijman. There is a domestic market in Brazil for jaguar skins as home decoration, but parts of the animals have also been shipped abroad from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, she says.

Halved habitat

More than a century ago, jaguars roamed forests, savannahs and scrub land from the southwestern United States to Paraguay. Deforestation and other disturbances caused by people — especially the expansion of agriculture — have cut the cats' habitat in half, says wildlife ecologist John Polisar, who coordinates the jaguar programme at the Wildlife Conservation Society in New York City.

That has depleted the jaguars’ prey, and in some areas has forced the big cats into contact with people and livestock, says Polisar, who works across parts of Central and South America. Estimates of the remaining jaguar population range from about 60,000 animals to nearly three times that number.

A farmer who loses a cow or calf to a predator might kill a jaguar in retaliation, even though that animal may not have been the culprit. After habitat loss, such killings are the second-biggest threat to jaguars, says Esteban Payán, director of the northern South America jaguar programme at Panthera, a global wild-cat conservation organization. The retaliatory killings also provide a sporadic supply of animal parts to the wildlife trade, but sparse data make it difficult to know whether the incidents are isolated cases or whether they feed organized crime rings, researchers say.

Measures designed to help people coexist with jaguars could reduce such killings, Payán says. In some cases, electric fences have discouraged jaguars from crossing from forests into pastures1, and solar panels that power the fences can also run some light bulbs or a small refrigerator for the farmer’s family. That can revolutionize life for them, he says.

Other tactics that have shown promise include putting bells on cows, installing flashing lights around pastures to help keep predators at bay and placing water tanks in pastures to head off chance encounters at a creek. Sheds for calves keep the most vulnerable animals out of reach. Introducing guard animals to a herd, such as burros (a type of donkey), or hardy San Martinero cattle descended from Spanish bullfighting stock can also discourage predators, he says.

Cash cows

Governments could help by providing incentives, says biologist Ricardo Moreno, director of the non-profit group Yaguará Panama. Right now, a farmer who buys a cow on credit must repay even if he loses an animal, says Moreno, who mixes scientific studies and work with communities and policymakers to protect jaguars. But making loans contingent on better livestock management would benefit farmers, lenders and jaguars, he says.

Meanwhile, researchers and some government officials in Latin America are watching the wildlife trade warily. Belize’s environment ministry is offering a US$5,000 reward for information about the jaguars killed there, and Polisar’s group is collecting data from around the region.

Although the links to international trafficking in Bolivia are clear, Payán worries this is “just the tip of the iceberg” of a broader trading network because there are anecdotal reports of trafficking in other countries, too. Conservation organizations are no match for “the violence, the money and the scale” of wildlife traffickers’ organized crime rings, he says. “The potential threat is huge.”