Top image: Skull funerary mask, Bhutan

Throughout history, many cultures and civilizations created funerary masks as part of their burial customs. The masks were used to represent a deceased individual, to honor them, and to cover their faces at the time of burial.  Sometimes, they were seen as a connection between the physical world and the spirit world or afterlife. In some cultures, funerary masks were made to protect the deceased by frightening away malevolent spirits. They are distinct from death masks , which are an impression taken of the face of a person who has died, to preserve their likeness.

The earliest known funerary masks are the Jericho plastered skulls , which date back around 11,000 years. Since that time, funerary masks have taken on a variety of different forms, from impressive, golden masks for elite members of society, to painted plaster portraits and cartoon-like, smiling faces.

Funerary mask, 500 BC – 500 AD, Condorhuasi-Alamito. The Condorhuasi-Alamito peoples were llama pastoralists in the area that is now the Catamarca province of Argentina.

An almost cartoon-like funerary mask made with wood, gold, cloth and shell, 13th–15th century AD, Ica, Peru

Jade funerary mask of Maya king Pakal of Palenque (Pakal the Great), 7th Century AD, Mexico

Funerary Mask, 10th–12th century, Lambayeque (Sicán) culture, Peru. This mask, made of hammered sheet gold alloy and covered in red pigment, once adorned the body of a deceased ruler on Peru’s north coast.

Mummy mask made with cotton, nut shells and human hair, Callao, Peru

A very happy-looking, gold funerary mask, 14th century, Indonesia

Plastered mummy mask, 100-120 AD, Roman period, Egypt

Skull funerary mask, Bhutan

Funerary mask of a young woman from the semi-nomadic Khitans, the Liao dynasty (907-1125), China. The Liao often used gold or gilt bronze funerary masks in burials of important individuals. It is thought these masks were portraits of the deceased.

Plastered Skull, c. 9000 BC Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.. The plastered skulls of Jericho are the oldest funerary masks in the world. The skulls of their dead were removed and covered with plaster in order to create very life-like faces, complete wit

Funerary mask of a woman, ca. 1427 BC–1390 BC, New Kingdom, Egypt. The owner was probably the wife of an overseer of builders named Amenhotep

Stone pre-Columbian funerary mask, 250 – 450 AD, Teotihuacan, Mexico. The mask would have been placed over the face of a deceased, elite individual and attached with string through the holes in the ears.

Funerary mask, 5th–1st century BC, Calima (Ilama), Colombia. Calima masks of the Ilama era are often flat, with generic details of the human face. On this example, the features are individualized with puffy bags beneath the eyes, a broad nose with flared

Funerary mask made from plaster, 250–300 AD, Roman Period, Egypt

Colima funerary mask made with light green stone, 300 BC – 300 AD, Mexico

Ceramic funerary mask, 1000 BC – 100 AD, Calima, Colombia